The human brain processes about 4 billion bits of information per second (most of it unconsciously) and transmits information at 200 miles per hour. All this neural activity would consume an enormous amount of energy if we were to be conscious of it all, so in order to save energy—while operating at maximum efficiency—the brain uses inductive reasoning and conditional probability to make sense of the world. 换句话说, when processing visual information hitting our eyes at 1,每秒000帧, 我们的大脑选择变得有些“懒惰”.”
Gestalt theory and psychology was conceived when 科学家们 更深入地研究了这一现象, 以及格式塔的指导原则, that our minds tend to perceive objects as part of a greater whole, 出生. Gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts, i.e., the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies.
Gestalt psychologists observe that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects, 这个原则被称为 Pragnanz. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind’s innate disposition is to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules.
Can 设计师 take advantage of Gestalt theory, its elements, principles of design? By observing, researching, identifying examples of our perceptual abilities, 设计师 can design products according to these unifying qualities. In fact, over the last two decades, the work of Gestalt psychologists has been adopted by 设计师 involved in the development of products for human use.
The implementation of 完形原则 can greatly improve, 不仅仅是设计的美学, but also its functionality and user-friendliness, are a valuable set of ideas for any 设计师 学习.
There are six individual principles commonly associated with Gestalt theory: 相似, 延续, 关闭, 接近, 图/地面, 对称与秩序 (也称为 pragnanz). There are also other additional, newer principles sometimes associated with gestalt, such as 共同的命运.
用最简单的话来说, Gestalt theory is based on the idea that the human brain will attempt to simplify and organize complex images or designs that consist of many elements by subconsciously arranging the parts into an organized system that creates a whole, rather than just a series of disparate elements.
Gestalt theory is based on 格式塔的指导原则s, a set of laws arising from the work of early 20th-century German psychologists Max Wertheimer, 库尔特Koffka, 和沃尔夫冈·科勒.
The law of 接近 posits that the brain groups elements that are close together, separates them from those that are farther apart.
The law of 相似 posits that the brain looks for differences and similarities in an image, 并链接相似的元素.
The law of continuity posits that the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines, regardless of how the lines were actually drawn.
The principle of 关闭 posits that the brain, 偏好完整形状, fills in the missing parts of a design or image to create a whole, e.g.这是野生动物基金会的熊猫标志.
就像闭包原理一样, the 图/地面 principle takes advantage of the way the brain processes negative space, e.g., 联邦快递标志, distinguishes between the objects it considers to be in the foreground of an image (the figure, or focal point) and the background (the area on which the figures rest).
The law of 共同的命运 observes that when objects point in the same direction, 我们把他们看作是一个相关的群体.
对称定律, 或pragnanz, the German word for “good figure” posits that the brain perceives ambiguous shapes in the simplest way possible. 例如, a monochrome version of the Olympic logo is seen as a series of overlapping circles rather than a collection of curved lines.
英国伦敦
2016年5月20日成为会员
Miklos是一名UX设计师, 产品设计战略家, 作者, speaker with more than 18 years of experience in the design field.
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